Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Explained

Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Key Takeaways: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.Although later research does not fully support all of Maslow’s theory, his research has impacted other psychologists and contributed to the field of positive psychology. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? In order to better understand what motivates human beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from more concrete needs—such as food and water—to more abstract concepts such as self-fulfillment. According to Maslow, when a lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of attention. These are the five categories of needs according to Maslow: Physiological These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis; that is, maintaining consistent levels in different bodily systems (for example, maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 degrees). Maslow considered physiological needs to be the most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these physiological needs first. For example, if someone is extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides food. Another example of a physiological need would be the need for adequate sleep. Safety Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. Maslow pointed out that, in adults living in developed nations, safety needs can be more apparent in emergency situations (e.g. war and disasters), but this need can also explain why we tend to  prefer the familiar  or why we do things like purchasing insurance and contributing to a savings account. Love and Belonging According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends and family members. It also includes our need to feel that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need encompasses both feeling loved  and  feeling love towards others. Since Maslow’s time, researchers have continued to explore how love and belonging needs impact well-being. For example, having social connections is related to better physical health and, conversely, feeling isolated (i.e. having unmet belonging needs) has negative consequences for health and well-being. Esteem Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves. According to Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first involves feeling self-confidence and feeling good about oneself. The second component involves feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions have been recognized by other people. When people’s esteem needs are met, they feel confident and see their contributions and achievements as valuable and important. However, when their esteem needs are not met, they may experience what psychologist Alfred Adler called â€Å"feelings of inferiority.† Self-Actualization Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living up to our potential. One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks different for everyone. For one person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or creative field. Essentially, self-actualization means feeling that we are doing what we feel we are meant to do. According to Maslow, achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his examples of famous self-actualized individuals include Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa. How People Progress Through the Hierarchy of Needs Maslow postulated that there were several prerequisites to meeting these needs. For example, having freedom of speech and freedom of expression, or living in a just and fair society, aren’t specifically mentioned within the hierarchy of needs. However, Maslow believed that having these things makes it easier for people to achieve their needs. In addition to these needs, Maslow also believed that we have a need to learn new information and to better understand the world around us. This is partially because learning more about our environment helps us meet our other needs; for example, learning more about the world can help us feel safer, and developing a better understanding of a topic one is passionate about can contribute to self-actualization. However, Maslow also believed that this call to understand the world around us is an innate need as well. Although Maslow presented his needs in a hierarchy, he also acknowledged that meeting each need is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Consequently, people don’t need to completely satisfy one need in order for the next need in the hierarchy to emerge. Maslow suggests that, at any given time, most people tend to have each of their needs partly met—and that needs lower on the hierarchy are typically the ones that people have made the most progress towards. Additionally, Maslow pointed out that one behavior might meet two or more needs. For example, sharing a meal with someone meets the physiological need for food, but it might also meet the need of belonging. Similarly, working as a paid caregiver would provide someone with income (which allows them to pay for food and shelter), but can also provide them a sense of social connection and fulfillment. Testing Maslow’s Theory In the time since Maslow published his original paper, his idea that we go through five specific stages hasn’t always been supported by research. In a 2011 study of human needs across cultures, researchers Louis Tay and Ed Diener looked at data from over 60,000 participants in over 120 different countries. They assessed six needs similar to Maslow’s: basic needs (similar to Maslow’s physiological needs), safety, love, pride and respect (similar to Maslow’s esteem needs), mastery, and autonomy. They found that meeting these needs was indeed linked to well-being. In particular, having basic needs met was linked to people’s overall assessment of their lives, and feeling positive emotions was linked to meeting the needs of feeling loved and respected. However, although Tay and Diener found support for some of Maslow’s basic needs, the order that people go through these steps seems to be more of a rough guide than a strict rule. For example, people living in poverty might have trouble meeting their needs for food and safety. However, these individuals still sometimes reported feeling loved and supported by the people around them—meeting the previous needs in the hierarchy wasn’t a prerequisite for people to meet their love and belonging needs. Maslow’s Impact on Other Researchers Maslow’s theory has had a strong influence on other researchers, who have sought to build on his theory. For example, psychologists Carol Ryff and Burton Singer drew on Maslow’s theories when developing their theory of eudaimonic well-being. According to Ryff and Singer, eudaimonic well-being refers to feeling purpose and meaning—which is similar to Maslow’s idea of self-actualization. Psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary built on Maslow’s idea of love and belonging needs. According to Baumeister and Leary, feeling that one belongs is a fundamental need, and they suggest that feeling isolated or left out can have negative consequences for mental and physical health. Sources: Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. â€Å"The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.† Psychological Bulletin 117.3 (1995): 97-529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651ï » ¿Kremer, William, and Claudia Hammond. â€Å"Abraham Maslow and the Pyramid That Beguiled Business.† BBC (2013, Sep. 1). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918Maslow, Abraham Harold. â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation.†Ã‚  Psychological Review  50.4 (1943): 370-396. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03751-001Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. â€Å"Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being.†Ã‚  Journal of Happiness Studies  9.1 (2008): 13-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0Tay, Louis, and Ed Diener. â€Å"Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World.†Ã‚  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  101.2 (2011): 354-365. http://psy cnet.apa.org/record/2011-12249-001Villarica, Hans. â€Å"Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness.† The Atlantic (2011, Aug. 17). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/

Alternatives To Animal Testing - 1696 Words

INTRODUCTION When picking out your mascara or eyeliner, do you even stop to think what is in that product or what the process is to make it? You could be supporting animal testing and not even know it. According to PETA, it is estimated that each year 26 million animals in the United States are used for animal testing(2017). As many may believe that animal testing is the only way to find out new things or test products, it is not, there are new alternatives that scientists have found like in vitro methods, and studies with human volunteers that have been proven to work without harming these animals. ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING Every year, millions of experimental animals are used all around the world. The number of animals used†¦show more content†¦This group is interested in the safety evaluation of chemicals or biological products based on alternative methods of testing strategies, performed by the industry in lieu of good old but crude conventional toxicity testing in live animals(Liebsch, Grune, Seiler, Butzke, Oelgeschlà ¤ger, Pirow, Alder, Riebeling, Luch, 2011, pg.849). A lot of medical breakthroughs involving animal research may still have been made without the use of animals and resources dedicated in finding new solutions. The ZEBET wants to find an effective way to reduce and replace the use of animals in testing. Many different species of animals are used for testing, but the most common include mice, rabbits, birds, dogs, monkeys, and much more. Common procedures used is forcing chemical exposure to these animals by force-feeding or having chemicals i njected into their body. I disagree with this misuse of animals, if animals are providing us with finding out new things that can help, then why would people want to hurt them. This group also found that scientists prolong periods of physical restraint and inflict wounds on these animals. The result of this is most of all animal testings fail in human clinical trials making them useless. ANIMAL TESTING IS STILL THE BEST WAY TO FIND NEW TREATMENTS Some people do believe that animal testing is the best and only way to find new treatments. Animals species used for preclinicalShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing: Alternatives1085 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough animal testing was a main component for the facilitation of medical research in the past, it is no longer necessary due to the option of alternate testing methods. Animals that fall victim to the mercy of animal research are subject to experimentation for the purpose of manufacturing harmless products (McKnight 2). Cell cultures, the MIMIC system, TraumaMan, in vitro, and human volunteers are substitutes for this inhumane procedure (Sullivan 4; â€Å"PCRM Scientists Educate† 10). Animal testing isRead MoreAlternative to Animal Testing Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesAlternatives to Animal Testing Animal testing has become a controversial issue among many people in the world today. Some of these people involved in this controversial debate believe that animal testing is unethical and should be replaced by other methods. The other group of people in this debate believe that animal testing is necessary in order to research new products that cannot be tested on humans. Traditional animal testing forces animals to undergo numerous experiments for different formsRead MoreAlternative Methods Of Animal Testing1442 Words   |  6 Pages Alternative Methods to Animal Testing Animal testing is the use of animals in research to determine the safety of a product, usually cosmetics or pharmaceutical drugs. This method of testing is an outdated science while alternative, non-animal methods are rapidly becoming more effective. Laws in the United States do not require cosmetics or medicinal drugs to be tested on animals, only that the products must be proven safe (FDA). Some argue that animal testing is necessary to improve human lifeRead MoreThe Ethics of Animal Testing for Vaccine Development and Potential Alternatives 1983 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal testing is important to ensure the safety of a variety of products, specifically pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices used for surgery and other treatments. It has also been used throughout history for various purposes. Once an unregulated practice, today there are laws, regulations, and requirements associated with the ethical use of animal models. In the United States, animal studies are now r equired before moving on to clinical trials. Legalities aside, controversy still arisesRead MoreEssay about We Must Search for Alternatives to Animal Testing1223 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease thanks to animal research but is animal research always beneficial? â€Å"Treat others as you would want to be treated,† is what the Golden Rule has taught us for many years. Should we not treat animals the same way we want to be treated in return? The topic of animals being used in medical research has been controversial for many years. One side of the argument says that using animals is the only way to safely test a product before it reaches the public, but others say alternatives should be pursuedRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe most significant finding was the amount of animals that are being tested on every year. There are thousands of animals ranging from farm animals to the most commonly used, guinea pigs that have to suffer through animal t esting. Even though animal testing has decreased in some parts of the world there is still a lot to improve on to be cruelty free. The issue of animal testing has been going on for years now and through those years a lot of data has been obtained. A simple way to quantify theRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreLimitation on Animal Testing762 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The reason we use animal tests is because we have a comfort level with the process . . . not because it is the correct process, not because it gives us any real new information.† (Anderson). There have been numerous new developments and technology in our society today, old fashion animal testing should not be the number one experiment to test new products and drugs. Science should be moving forward in technology, where there is cruelty free research and testing. The modern technology, we haveRead More History and Pros of Animal Testing Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesHistory and Pros of Animal Testing Abstract: Animal research refers to the use of non-human animals for testing or experimenting on. The first recorded use of animals for testing started with the Greeks in the third and fourth century BC. The use of animals for testing is usually in the basic fields of; biomedical research, security, evaluation and education of a product. It is estimated that almost 50 million—100 million animals are tested on and killed annually, but this is usually done toRead MoreSave Animals. Say No to Animal Testing!1390 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative essay: Save animals. Say no to animal testing! Nowadays, it is a well-known fact that many companies test their products like cosmetics and medicines with animals before production to check their products ’safety and quality. A huge amount of animals are used in research purpose every year. Is it right for human beings to sacrifice millions of animals for testing purpose? Should animal testing be banned? Animal testing is a controversial issue and there is a heated debated about pros

Sales and Supply Tapzeem Company

Question: Discuss about the Sales and Supply for Tapzeem Company. Answer: Introduction Sales and supply in a company are the most vital processes. To ensure that the products reach to the consumer appropriately, there are gradual processes that should be followed. It is not necessary for the consumer to directly purchase the products from a retailer, but instead they can order from the company. Sales persons are responsible for taking the orders from the clients to the company (Kelleher, 1993). The whole process is termed successful when the required qualifications are met. Clerks always go through the orders to evaluate legibility. There are ways to Tapzeem company can improve the fulfillment of the orders issued by the clients. Following are the ways to recuperate the contentment of the orders. Classify Inventory. What is in the store (finished goods) should be arranged in a way that whoever will be packing the goods after verification of the order will do it with ease. Those commodities that are easy to pick should be arranged separately. In this case, we refer to the fast movers. The medium movers ought to follow the suit and lastly the slow movers (Garlitz, 1993). They should be arranged in a way that the labor to pick either of the corresponds to the way to move i.e. fast movers. Match inventory to storage technology. The storage system of the finished goods should be in touch with the flexibility of the goods. There are racks that store goods that are bit delicate. They help to reduce the risks of the breakages. Shelving is the other way of ensuring that the orders are attended to with ease (Moad, 1994). The drawers are also effective in ensuring that the products are stored at a safer place. Automated Storage. With the advancement in the knowledge and Information Technology, the brands are stored in a place where they can be easily traced with Computed software. This is well-organized and it ensures that the goods are reachable and it is quicker. It is cost effective since it reduces the manual labor. Manual labor is expensive compared to the automated mode of storing the goods. Minimum supervision is required rather skills in operation are the basic things. Updating Inventory. It is very essential to have up to date inventory to ensure that there are no inconveniency caused. If any commodity is exhausted, then the personnel in the warehouse should communicate to relevant inventory keepers to avoid situations where there is a delay of dispatching the goods to the clients (Datamation,1994). Changing the structure and the normal processes of the business is quite essential. It has a larger contribution in the entire reengineering process. The services the business entity offer need to be improved. The working environment also need to be amended to safeguard the working conditions of the employees. Any organization may decide to implement reengineering process due to the following reasons. Need to maximize the profit. If the organization has been experiencing some deficits in the business year, it might be a good reason to settle down to the above stated process. Reengineering has a positive impact. There is technological knowledge that is utilized by the entrepreneurs which aims at reducing the cost of production and increasing the efficiency of the organization. Advance the client attendance. An organization might have the aim of establishing a good rapport with the clients and therefore, it can decide to put up measures of ensuring that these clients get the best services (Zack, 1996). Reducing the risks and uncertainties. There are abrupt jeopardies that might come up in the course of business. Using the modernized tools and the equipment of business production is crucial. Using machines and robots in place of manual labor will effectively reduce risks that man is prone to. Reengineering method can be implemented through diverse methods. These methods are, This is the most important method since it entails equipping the employees or the members of the business entity with the new knowledge that has been put in place (Michael, 1996). This process might be face by some challenge like Semi-illiteracy of the employees. Uncoperativeness of the employees All the same, this process is advantageous in the following ways. Employees are armed with new expertise on operational skills. Assurance that only skilled persons are obliged to duties. Organize the workflow and team work. Dividing the work among the members and making sure that there is a leader in every team will be operative (Beckett, 1996). This method has the following strengths. Team leaders act as supervisors therefore team spirit is enhanced. Team leaders can orient other members. Reference Garlitz and Michael L. Kelleher, (Nov-Dec 1993)Planning Review, Reengineering Jeff Moad, Datamation, (Oct15,1994) "After Reengineering: Taking Care of Business" "Jeffrey Zack, AmericanBanker, (April 1, 1996) "After the Reengineering Hype, An Ambiguous Legacy Michael S. Yoemans and Janice L. Beckett, Armed Forces Comptroller, Winter,(1996) "Achieving Breakthrough Improvement Through Business Process Reengineering"

Struggle for Survival in the Grapes of Wrath free essay sample

The 1930s were a time of hardship for many across the United States. Not only was the Great Depression making it difficult for families to eat every day, but the Dust Bowl swept through the plains states making it nearly impossible to farm the land in which they relied. John Steinbeck saw how the Dust Bowl affected farmers, primarily the tenant farmers, and journeyed to California after droves of families. These families were dispossessed from the farms they had worked for years, if not generations (Mills 388). Steinbeck was guided by Tom Collins, the real-life model for the Weedpatch camp’s manager Jim Rawley, through one of the federal migrant worker camps. He was able to see for himself, from the migrants’ perspective, the living conditions to which they were subjected and later used the information to detail the lives of the Joad family in The Grapes of Wrath (Mills 389). Rebecca Hinton points out in her essay on the novel that â€Å"formerly tenant farmers with relative security and independence, they soon become migrant laborers at the mercy of the rich, struggling to maintain their pride† (101). In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses realism, allegory, and a change in values to show the intense struggle the common person went through to survive during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression after the rise of corporate and industrial capitalism. Although The Grapes of Wrath is a work of fiction, Steinbeck writes to inform the public about information gathered from fact. His use of realism and authentic voice give shape to the characters and their common struggle. Steinbeck points out that one of the primary causes of the dispossession of tenant farmers is the fault of â€Å"the bank—the monster† and tractors taking â€Å"the place of twelve or fourteen families† (32-33). Likewise, Trent Keough writes in â€Å"The Dystopia Factor† that â€Å"The Grapes [of Wrath] investigate[s] the social phenomena of a transitional period in which an agrarian†¦ industry economy is decimated by automation† and the novel also â€Å"records the role of mechanization (e. g. he tractor and car) in the Westward migration which occurred in America during the depression years† (38). This decimation by automation is one of the primary factors that force the Joads from their farm. In Chapter 19, Steinbeck writes: â€Å"The tractors which throw men out of work, the belt lines which carry loads, the machines which produce, all were increased; and more and more families scampered the highways, looking for crumbs from the great holdings, lusting after the land beside the roads† (238). The bank’s need for profits forces the owners of the farm to take action and hire one man on a tractor to do the work of dozens. Steinbeck also uses his experience in California camps to give a realistic depiction of the squatter camps that were scattered during the migration (Keough 44). The squatter camps, all referred to as Hooverville, are described as having no order with cars, shacks, and tents randomly scattered, usually near a source of water, such as a river or stream (Steinbeck 241, 243). Migrant workers also have to deal with constant discrimination and abuse from the local population and law enforcement. Beginning in Chapter 18, the Joads are introduced to the term â€Å"Okie,† which is used to as a derogatory term to describe all migrants coming into California (Steinbeck 214). This is just the beginning of the discrimination the Joads face. Steinbeck describes how he perceives the discrimination in the following excerpt from The Grapes of Wrath: They were hungry, and they were fierce. And they had hoped to find a home, and they found only hatred. Okies—the owners hated them because the owners knew they were soft and the Okies strong, that they were fed and the Okies hungry; and perhaps the owners had heard from their grandfathers how easy it is to steal land from a soft man if you are fierce and hungry and armed. The owners hated them. And in the towns, the storekeepers hated them because they had no money to spend†¦ The town men, little bankers, hated Okies because there was nothing to gain from them. They had nothing. And the laboring people hated Okies because a hungry man must work, and if he must work, if he has to work, the wage payer automatically gives him less for his work; and then no one can get more. (233) The hatred felt by the Californians toward the Okies is exemplified by the law enforcement’s eagerness to â€Å"take in† anyone they feel shows the tiniest signs of trouble. For instance, a deputy makes up a reason to take in Floyd Knowles, from the Joad’s first Hooverville, because he questions a man offering work on how many men he needs and how much the pay is (Steinbeck 263). Shortly after the Joads leave the first Hooverville, they encounter a group of armed men along the road who insist that they â€Å"ain’t gonna have no goddamn Okies in this town [sic]† and make them turn their truck around (Steinbeck 279). Before the Joads are introduced, the plight of another being is highlighted. In Chapter 3, Steinbeck introduces the turtle on the side of the road struggling through obstacles. The turtle itself is a symbol of the Joad family and other migrant workers, while its journey is an allegory of the struggles and obstacles they will face along the way. The turtle comes upon an embankment along the highway and stops to size up the wall in front of it (Steinbeck 14). At several points in the novel, the men face decisions and hunker down together on their hams to discuss their situation and decide to press on. When the turtle finally starts again, it keeps pushing itself along and â€Å"as the embankment grew steeper and steeper, the more frantic were the efforts of the land turtle† (Steinbeck 15). The Joads face the same situation when they are on their way to California. They survive the dust of the plains and then climb the steep embankment of the mountains in an overloaded car that was not made for the type of journey they encounter. When the Joad family finally arrives in California, they find that their big dream of farming and living in peace may not happen and they struggle to merely survive. Similarly, the turtle struggles when the red ant runs inside of its shell. The turtle crushes the ant by quickly pulling in its head and legs, and in the process, it picks up a head of wild oats (Steinbeck 15). The red ant is like a negative thought to be crushed before it can do harm, while the wild oat seeds are like ideas to be planted and nurtured. Once the turtle begins crossing the road and all seems easy, a woman in a car approaches, sees the turtle and swerves to avoid hitting it; minutes later, a man in a truck sees the turtle, attempts to run it over, and the turtle spins onto its back (Steinbeck 15). The woman is fully aware that the turtle is in the road and nearly wrecks her car to stay away from it, much like people in areas unaffected by the Dust Bowl making a conscious effort not to think about what the Okies are going through. The man, on the other hand, attempts to purposely crush the turtle, which is much like the groups of men that try everything in their power to close the government camps and crash the Hoovervilles. Even though the turtle is turned on its back after being nearly crushed, it manages to get itself turned right side up and the wild oat seeds it has been toting are dropped and unknowingly planted when â€Å"its shell dragged dirt over the seeds† (Steinbeck 16). The turtle is unaware when he picks up the seeds and is similarly unaware when he plants them. This is not unlike later in the novel when Tom Joad picks up a new political ideology from Jim Casy. Tom, however, makes a conscious effort to plant his own seeds and spread the word to make things right for the migrant workers. The troubles the Joads face also affect the overall structure of the family as a whole. As the Joad family struggle progresses, there is a change in the values of the family. At the beginning, the Joad family, like most at the time, is highly patriarchal. Grampa Joad is the â€Å"titular head† of the family, but it is Pa Joad who is the acting head of family (Steinbeck 101). During a conversation around the truck about their upcoming voyage to California, the men do all the talking unless a question is asked of Ma Joad. According to Warren Motley of Rutgers University, â€Å"the patriarchal structure of the Joad family, although shaken, remains intact through the early chapters of The Grapes of Wrath† (402). Women may voice their opinion when deciding what the family unit will do, but the ultimate decision is with the older men who are considered the â€Å"nucleus† of the family (Motley 402). Ma Joad takes over as the family authority when the threat of the family breaking up is presented to her. She is adamant that the family stay together, no matter what, and â€Å"aggressively challenges† Pa’s decision to split the family up after the Wilson’s car breaks down (Motley 404). Motley states in his analysis, â€Å"From Patriarchy to Matriarchy: Ma Joad’s Role,† that â€Å"Ma Joad’s emergence signals an essential adaptation: under economic conditions of the migration, survival depends on the collective security of matriarchal society rather than on patriarchal self-reliance† (405). When the family must leave their farm, Pa and the older men are left without their established agrarian roles, so they harbor a feeling of failure. Ma’s role, however, remains intact throughout the novel and she remains strong because of it (Motley 407). Rebecca Hinton, of the University of Cincinnati—Clermont College, states, â€Å"Steinbeck implies that in times of social upheaval, the family cannot remain a self-contained conjugal unit; it must expand to include members related by plight as well as by blood and focus on the needs of the many rather than those of the few† (101). Not only does the leadership role change, but the definition of family changes for the Joads and other travelers as well. The struggle of the Joad family rouses Ma to offer assistance and compassion beyond her own family, as with Jim Casy (Keough 46). The Joads meet the Wilsons at the beginning of their journey and both families are inclined to help one another in a mutually beneficial relationship. There are several examples of an extended family amongst the migrants in The Grapes of Wrath, including the sharing of food, the discussing of a larger council of men on their situations, and the giving of money to families with an ill or deceased loved one. The Joads go as far as to help pay for the Wilsons continued journey because they have no money left (Steinbeck 148). Steinbeck devotes an entire chapter to the formation of these extended families in the roadside camps. In Chapter 17 he says, â€Å"In the evening a strange thing happened: the twenty families became one family, the children were the children of all. The loss of home became one loss, and the golden time in the West was one dream† (Steinbeck 193). It is easy for the many families to stick together, if only at night, because they are all living the same life. Each day the families go through the same kind of hell hoping that they have enough food and money to make it to California. Keough points out that â€Å"through these women†¦ Steinbeck suggest[s] that the individualism commonly associated with capitalism is nothing but a Protestant ethic gone awry† (46). The story of the Joad family reveals a hard truth about people in society. Steinbeck wants to demonstrate the predatory nature of capitalism and the destruction of family values it brings (Keough 49). John Steinbeck used a realistic point of view, allegory, and a dramatic change in family values to present the plight of the common migrant worker after tractors took the work of thousands of families. Nicolaus Mills states in his â€Å"Book Notes† that â€Å"Steinbeck understood that for the men and women he was describing, the struggle for dignity was never-ending, and he caught that struggle in the most intimate terms†.  Steinbeck is also presented as a â€Å"prophet† who tells â€Å"timeless truths about greed and callousness, and†¦ articulate[s] the conscience of the people† in â€Å"Editorial.

Fathers qualitative and quantitative involvement

Introduction Raising a child can prove to be challenging since majority of parents adopt parenting styles that suit their beliefs and tastes. The diverse parenting styles used by parents help to explain why children exhibit different levels of cognitive and social development. A child’s development depends on both the mother as well as the father. Despite the little time the fathers spend with their children, many manage to contribute positively to their children in social and cognitive development.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Fathers’ qualitative and quantitative involvement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Purpose of the study The purpose of the study is to analyze a research study based on fathers’ parenting styles, and then find a suitable avenue that can help to improve this research study. One of the factors that can be used to address the issue is putting into account the life span development. This is of paramount importance since lifespan development states that acquiring the knowledge of engaging children in social activities, such as playing, helps them to acquire positive learning outcomes due to cognitive development as well as social acceptance (Hetherington et al., 2001). These aspects are exhibited by children through expressing their emotions in a socially appropriate manner and engaging them in communication with their peers. Summary of the topics In his article, Kazura (2000) has presented several topics in a bid to evaluate the role of fathers in parenting. In providing the readers with knowledge of the information or content of his article, Kazura defines how he carried his research study, as it is outlined below The problem statement: defines comprehensively the causes of low levels of time allocation for father-child relationship as social responsibilities, children’s protection from their mothers, and lack of point of referen ce for father while taking care of a child. Research question: prompts the question on whether a father-child relationship can be enhanced through play interaction rather than engaging in social interactions and providing care to the child The purpose of the study: the study attempts to evaluate the qualitative effect of the time fathers spend with their children. Hypothesis: Tries to find out whether there is a significant difference between mothers and fathers involvement with the child; there is a significant difference or similarity between mother and fathers with regard to how they interact with their children on attachment, social, and playful point of view. Sampling: consists of families from diverse backgrounds, including the adopted children. It also includes the criteria for selecting parents. Constructs: includes children’s age, gender, status, rank in the family, cognitive development, and social development, the parents’ age, education level, and ethnicity . Procedure: started by interviewing the parents and observing the children as they play. The playing session assessed the child cognitive and social abilities in the presence of their parents as well as in their absence. Data analysis: ANCOVAs and t –tests were used to compare variables in relation to mothers and father involvement with their child. Results: The study has addressed the hypothesis by proving that, despite the fact that that mothers spend more time than fathers while handling their children, a child’s social aspects does not discriminate between fathers and mothers. In addition, fathers scored higher than mothers did in the cognitive development of the child. Critical analysis of the framework presented The framework presented in the article focuses on assessing the ways that enhance cognitive and social growth of a child. Even though the research study could have been done better, the author uses good organizational skills in his article, organizes it a progressive manner, and presents the methodology, the results, as well as the interpretation of the results by taking into account a number of factors which are analyzed below in turn Sampling The author identified a sample size relevant for carrying out this research study, and selected the sample size on non-probability based sampling. The author depicts this as he states that he selected only 2 African- American families as compared to 24 white families. To make the matters worse, only one family from Eastern Indian family was considered eligible for the study. This portrays the fact that the inclusion criteria comprises of biased sampling since diverse American families were not fully represented. This plays the role of lowering the internal validity because the research study was faced with limitation in critical analysis of data based on fathers from diverse background (Smith Davis, 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help y ou! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This sampling, however, increased the internal validity through a sample size that eliminated unattached parents as well as parents who had signs of pregnancy complications (Creswell, 2003). More so, the research study consisted of first-born and the later-born since this helps in eradicating the parents’ biased attitudes, as some parents’ attitudes towards a child depends heavily on its rank within the family. Ethical Consideration Even though the sample size proved to be biased, the researcher obtained consent of the participants through advert in newspapers, as this helped to reach a vast majority of diverse families. More so, the researcher considered it viable to advertise the research study through local care-child centers (Kazura, 2000). Advertising the research study to any willing participant helped the researcher to ascertain the point of the participants’ interest. This was also enhanced throug h offering a token to the participants. Hence, the study was characterized with content validity. Content validity is defined as the extent to which a device used in research represents the content of interest for the respondents (Creswell, 2003). Though there was no approval process by an Institutional Review Board or similar ethics review committee, there were no compulsions used in recruiting participants. Methodology Interviews as a data collection method helped the researcher to carry out the study in a manner that provided access to some sort of natural support, as the researcher was able to delve more into the answers provided by the parents, and this helped the parents to feel more in control of their emotions by being treated fairly. In a bid to treat the parents fairly, the procedure used in carrying out a research attempted to balance both the mothers and the fathers, as fathers participated first during the first half of the intervention, and the mother participated firs t during the other half of the intervention. This helped to increase the internal validity since human behavior is highly influenced by external motivation (Smith Davis, 2010). The researcher managed successfully to motivate both fathers and mothers by striking a balance of precedence while they participated in the research study. In addition to this, the researcher used observation as a data collection method, as this facilitated access to information of the children’s behavior in the presence as well as in the absence of both mothers and fathers. During infancy, the development of a sense of self occurs in the first stage of infancy, which is usually around 15 months to a period of two years (Hetherington et al., 2001). At this stage, children become aware of their surroundings, and especially on how their caregivers treat them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Fathers’ qualitative and quantitative involvement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, observations as a data collection method for infants seemed to be challenging since interpreting some behaviors depicted by children seemed cumbersome; hence, this affected the program in a negative way. The hypotheses of the study are communicated clearly and concisely, as they give us the knowledge of the information or content of the article in a broader context. These hypotheses serve the role of helping us know how the study worked and how it was laid down in order to approve purpose of the study. Research Design The study used qualitative and quantitative designs, and the population was between subjects, as it involved comparison between fathers and mothers in relation to their children. Reliability was ascertained by the fact that the research study used more than one laboratory visit, which had different independent coders. More so, it was affirmed that a child’s attachment to its parents determines the child’s behavior in the next 6 months (Kazura, 2000). Despite the fact that the researcher attempted to reduce the possible threats in reliability as well as validity, his method of interventions is lacking. This is attributed to adopting the cross-sectional study, instead of the longitudinal study. The longitudinal study plays a critical role in observing behavioral change after a particular period (Smith Davis, 2010). Hence, the author’s statement, which alleges that a child’s behaviors depends on the level of attachment with its parents for a period of six months, hangs in a balance because this research study cannot verify the reliability of this allegation. Interpretation of Results in Addressing All Objectives, Questions, and Hypotheses The results of the statistical tests were significant since the interpretations were consistent with the results. This is supported by the fact that the research question responded whether father-child relationship could be enhanced through play interaction rather than engaging in social interactions and providing care to the child; the results interpreted the purpose of the study on qualitative effect of the time fathers spend with their children. In addition to this, the research study addressed the non- directional hypotheses of the study by assessing the significant differences between the mothers and fathers interaction with their children on attachment, social, and playful point of view (Kazura, 2000). The researcher offers implications of the research for practical purposes through his interpretation of the results from the research study, as it helps the readers to understand the effects of different parenting styles practiced by fathers and mothers, which include authoritarian parenting, involved parenting, and permissive parenting. The parents who practice authoritarian parenting are insecure parents.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These parents portray a character of insecurity by controlling their children through giving directions that are not accompanied with deep concern. If the children fail to follow these rules, they are neglected (Wolfe, 1999). The main aim of these rules is to keep order, and the parents, in most cases, do this without showing affection. The parents who use this mode of parenting style usually set high standards and are not responsive to their children. They are usually very serious, and this is detrimental because it leads to children who rank very low socially. More so, these children fall short of their expectation in terms of cognitive abilities (Kazura, 2000), and they lack the understanding of why they should embrace or refrain from certain habits. In this research study, Kazura (2000) alleges that this parenting style is not only evident in fathers but also in mothers. In the involved parenting, the parents closely watch their children in a bid to make sure that rules are adhe red to while the children participate in a number of activities. The parents depict a character of attentiveness while involving themselves with their children’s behavior, and they let them know that they are studying them closely (Hoghughi Long, 2004). Consequently, the parents get to know the deep details concerning their children’s freedoms and opportunities to explore as they set reasonable rules for them. In this research study, Kazura (2000) alleges that when fathers practice this parenting style, they create an avenue for their children’s cognitive ability since they set challenging goals that call for creativity; while the mothers create an avenue for social development for their children since they accept their children the way they are. The rules of this parenting styles is usually flexible, consistent, and fair since the parents engage themselves in their children’s behavior through watching and setting achievable goals for them. The permissiv e parenting, which is demonstrated by mothers, usually has very limited demands for the children. Mothers generally nurture and communicate frequently with their children, and often act as a friend rather than a challenger (Benson Haith, 2009). They rarely provide children with risks; thus, making the children to have a low expectation of challenges. This is attributed to the fact that mothers’ desire for their children is to make them feel free socially, as they accept them in a warm and loving way, and the way they are. In the research study, Kazura (2000) asserts that even though social acceptance is of paramount importance, mothers fail to give their children diverse choices that, in turn, lead to cognitive development. Hence, the children tend to engage more in playing with their fathers as compared to their mothers despite their age, rank, or gender. Limitation and recommendation Kazura (2000) presents his article in a manner that acknowledges limitation as he depicts that despite the research study focuses on the social context and nuclear family, there are also other aspects that affect the amount of time the fathers spend with their children. In addition to this, the author admits that his results cannot be generalized because it is based on very small sample size. However, the author presents the research study in a manner that depicts that he has made a good judgment in ascertaining the fact that fathers contribute qualitatively to their children. In a bid to enhance reliability and validity of his research study, the author recommends for a further research study that does not only concentrate with plays but also other areas of children’s life. Conclusion Kazura (2000) has presented facts that emphasize on the qualitative benefit that children receive from their fathers. His research study is based on the social aspects that affect the parenting styles of a nuclear family. He emphasizes on the need of the paternal role in a family se tting since it facilitates social and cognitive development. This research study portrays that many fathers contribute positively to their children in social and cognitive development despite the little time they spend with their children. References Benson, J. B., Haith, M. M. (2009). Social and emotional development in infancy and early childhood. Amsterdam: Academic. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Hetherington, E. M., Lerner, R. M., Perlmutter, M., Social Science Research Council (U.S.). (2001). Child development in life-span perspective (8th ed.). Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hoghughi, M., Long, N. (2004). Handbook of parenting: Theory and research for practice. London: Sage Publications. Kazura, K. (2000). Fathers’ qualitative and quantitative involvement: an investigation of attachment, play, and social interactions. Journal of Men’s Studies, 9, 1, 41. Smith, R. A., Davis, S. F. (2010). The psychologist as detective: An introduction to conducting research in psychology (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Wolfe, D. A. (1999). Child abuse: Implications for child development and psychopathology. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage Publications. This research paper on Fathers’ qualitative and quantitative involvement was written and submitted by user Reece Wooten to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Geographic Adventures of Captain James Cook

The Geographic Adventures of Captain James Cook James Cook was born in 1728 in Marton, England. His father was a Scottish migrant farm worker who allowed James to apprentice on coal carrying boats at the age of eighteen. While working in the North Sea, Cook spent his free time learning math and navigation. This led to his appointment as mate. Searching for something more adventurous, in 1755 he volunteered for the British Royal Navy and took part in the Seven Years War and was an instrumental part of the surveying of the St. Lawrence River, which helped in the capture of Quebec from the French. Cook'sFirst Voyage Following the war, Cooks skill at navigation and interest in astronomy made him the perfect candidate to lead an expedition planned by the Royal Society and Royal Navy to Tahiti to observe the infrequent passage of Venus across the face of the sun. Precise measurements of this event were needed worldwide in order to determine the accurate distance between the earth and sun. Cook set sail from England in August, 1768 on the Endeavor. His first stop was Rio de Janeiro, then the Endeavor proceeded west to Tahiti where camp was established and the transit of Venus was measured. After the stop in Tahiti, Cook had orders to explore and claim possessions for Britain. He charted New Zealand and the east coast of Australia (known as New Holland at the time). From there he proceeded to the East Indies (Indonesia) and across the Indian Ocean to the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. It was an easy voyage between Africa and home; arriving in July, 1771. Cook's Second Voyage The Royal Navy promoted James Cook to Captain following his return and had a new mission for him, to find Terra Australis Incognita, the unknown southern land. In the 18th century, it was believed that there was much more land south of the equator than had already been discovered. Cooks first voyage did not disprove claims of a huge landmass near the South Pole between New Zealand and South America. Two ships, the Resolution and the Adventure left in July, 1772 and headed to Cape Town just in time for the southern summer. Captain James Cook proceeded south from Africa and turned around after encountering large amounts of floating pack ice (he came within 75 miles of Antarctica). He then sailed to New Zealand for the winter and in summer proceeded south again past the Antarctic Circle (66.5 ° South). By circumnavigating the southern waters around Antarctica, he indisputably determined that there was no habitable southern continent. During this voyage, he also discovered several island chains in the Pacific Ocean. After Captain Cook arrived back in Britain in July, 1775, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and received their highest honor for his geographic exploration. Soon Cooks skills would again be put to use. Cook's Third Voyage The Navy wanted Cook to determine if there was a Northwest Passage, a mythical waterway which would allow sailing between Europe and Asia across the top of North America. Cook set out in July of 1776 and rounded the southern tip of Africa and headed east across the Indian Ocean. He passed between the North and South islands of New Zealand (through Cook Strait) and towards the coast of North America. He sailed along the coast of what would become Oregon, British Columbia, and Alaska and proceeded through the Bering Straight. His navigation of the Bering Sea was halted by the impassible Arctic ice. Upon yet again discovering that something did not exist, he continued his voyage. Captain James Cooks  last stop was in February, 1779 at the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii) where he was killed in a fight with islanders over the theft of a boat. Cooks explorations dramatically increased European knowledge of the world. As a ship captain and skilled cartographer, he filled in many gaps on world maps. His contributions to eighteenth century science helped propel further exploration and discovery for many generations.

Trategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trategic Management - Case Study Example In the pat three year, a Emeron ha intenified it focu on growth, annual diviion planning conference have been devoted entirely to thi initiative. (Hitt, Ireland and Hokion, 2006) One element of the management proce i the Bet Cot Producer trategy. With thi trategy, Emeron trive to manufacture product at the lowet relevant global cot that meet or exceed cutomer expectation. Firt articulated in the early 1980, thi trategy enure that Emeron utain high level of profitability, which in turn provide funding for top-line growth initiative. In the pat five year, Emeron' bet cot poition ha improved the gro profit margin by 1.6 percent, allowing u to increae ale and marketing expenditure in upport of growth program. (Hitt, Ireland and Hokion, 2006) Two area in which the Bet Cot Producer trategy ha been particularly effective recently are upplier conolidation and material cot reduction, and etablihing local market preence in developing region of the world. In fical 1993, Emeron formally began a program of upgrading the Company' procurement function to contain inflation in the cot of material. The primary focu of thi program, upplier conolidation, ha contributed ignificantly to material inflation containment and productivity and, therefore, to overall profitability. By reducing upplier by more than 10 percent per year, Emeron ha achieved lower cot of material through leverage. Working more cloely with fewer upplier further enable them to better undertand Emeron' product and manufacturing procee, and to ugget additional cot reduction. In elected intance, the Company ha formed joint venture with upplier to provide the neceary invetment for tate-of-the-art technology to enure that material are available at the bet cot. (Gomez, Lui , David , Balkin and Robert , 2008) Etablihing a local market preence i another mean of achieving bet cot tatu. In the pat five year, for example, while dometic employment level have increaed, the Company ha imultaneouly created approximately 4,000 new job in Aia and Eatern Europe to better erve thoe growing market. Thi expanion of infratructure in developing region provide manufacturing flexibility and the ability to repond to fluctuation in currencie and economie. Additionally, the Company benefit from lower regional cot that are neceary to compete effectively in thee area. The management proce alo include organization planning. Each operation i regularly reviewed to conider it organization tructure and the kill et of it people relative to it revenue and profit initiative. We evaluate the talent pool in each unit to identify high-potential manager, provide career enhancing opportunitie and, a a reult, enure that the human reource are in place to upport our continued ucce. Emeron' hitory of conitent financial performance i the bet meaure of the effectivene of the management proce. B: Identify the potential profit pool that are available to Emeron Electric. Emeron Electric Co. aid it fical econd-quarter earning roe 11 percent on international growth and ale in it egment that make product including communication infratructure and temperature gauge. The electrical product maker aid late Tueday it earned $547 million, or 69 cent per hare, compared with $494 million, or 61 cent per hare, in the year-ago quarter.

Immanuel Kant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Immanuel Kant - Essay Example The memo has obviously been overlooked by the secretary. It is also obvious that the information will be broadcast later to all of us. My friends, ignorant of this, plan a weekend road trip, and set out early on Friday evening. I find myself excusing myself from the trip on the pretext of a bad cold. The next day, I put in my time at the office. On Monday, the Manager offers me the promotion. My silence is definitely an ethical decision. My motive of securing the promotion makes me hide the information in the memo from Tom. I am aware that this action is in conflict with my duty as a friend. However, I justify my action on the basis that I am not responsible for the road trip: in fact the idea is Tom’s. Tom voluntarily goes on the trip. I am not using Tom as a tool to achieve my aims. My duty to myself overrides my obligation to help a friend, which is an imperfect duty. While my action may not be morally right on the basis of Kant’s categorical imperative, it can be partially justified according to Kant’ s second formulation. However, I must confess that my action makes me uncomfortable and I feel rather guilty about

As an ecologically concerned engineer or anthropologist, critically Essay

As an ecologically concerned engineer or anthropologist, critically assess the current Japanese nuclear disaster using academica - Essay Example The Fukushima Daiichi facility was apparently unable to withstand the dual shocks of the earthquake and tsunami within a short timeframe and entered into a situation which can be described as nuclear meltdown of the reactors. The information about the Fukushima disaster was initially limited and possibly misrepresented by TEPCO and Japanese government administrators in order to downplay publicly the degree of seriousness of the situation, and this has led to difficulties in academic or public verification of the ecological and social threats that the meltdown portends for Japan. It is not overestimating the situation to state that in the worst instance a significant portion of Japan could have become uninhabitable due to the disaster, and currently there is an evacuation zone in effect around the facility. This essay will examine the ongoing nature of the Fukushima Disaster, highlighting the fact that the facility may still not have been properly brought under control and the degree of uncertainty that exists because of this in determining the over-all consequences of the event. The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster There is now little doubt that a full nuclear meltdown occurred at the Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan this year. According to Julian Ryall in an article published in the Telegraph as "Nuclear meltdown at Fukushima plant" (12 May 2011), â€Å"Engineers from the Tokyo Electric Power company (Tepco) entered the No.1 reactor at the end of last week for the first time and saw the top five feet or so of the core's 13ft-long fuel rods had been exposed to the air and melted down. Previously, Tepco believed that the core of the reactor was submerged in enough water to keep it stable and that only 55 per cent of the core had been damaged. Now the company is worried that the molten pool of radioactive fuel may have burned a hole through the bottom of the containment vessel, causing water to leak. ’We will have to revise our plans,’ said Junichi Matsu moto, a spokesman for Tepco. ‘We cannot deny the possibility that a hole in the pressure vessel caused water to leak’. Tepco has not clarified what other barriers there are to stop radioactive fuel leaking if the steel containment vessel has been breached. Greenpeace said the situation could escalate rapidly if ‘the lava melts through the vessel’.† (2011: p.1) One of the problems with the design of the Fukushima plant is that it had been storing depleted nuclear fuel rods on the same site as the reactor, cooled with water. After becoming exposed, this fuel may have added to the critical mass of the meltdown reaction and also caused additional radiation to be released into the environment during the initial period of the disaster. The additional force of this reaction may have been sufficient to burn or melt through the very bottom containment layer of the reactor itself, the final protection layer that prevents a meltdown lava flow from entering the l ocal environmental system through the earth and water systems. The use of sea water to flood and cool the reactor following the meltdown has inevitably led to groundwater radiation being released into

Look At A Critical Incident That Occurred In Practice Nursing Essay

Look At A Critical Incident That Occurred In Practice Nursing Essay The aim of this report is look at a critical incident that occurred in practice and relates this to the theory and knowledge regarding communication and interpersonal skills, so as to demonstrate an understanding of my views on the art and science of reflection and the issues surrounding reflective practice; that is to say, what skills were and were not used at the time of the incident. Confidentiality will be maintained as required by the Nursing Midwifery Council Code (NMC, 2008).    There is a discussion appraising the concept of reflection both generally, and in my particular area of practice of urgent care. Reflection is part of reflective practice and is a skill that is developed. It can be seen as a way of adjusting to life as a qualified healthcare professional and enhancing the development of a professional identity (Atwal Jones, 2009). Reflection is defined as a process of reviewing an experience which involves description, analysis and evaluation to enhance learning in practice (Rolfe et al 2001).  This is supported by (Fleming, 2006), who described it as a process of reasoned thought. It enables the practitioner to critically assess self and their approach to practice. Reflective practice is advocated in healthcare as a learning process that encourages self-evaluation with subsequent professional development planning (Zuzelo, 2009). Reflective practice has been identified as one of the key ways in which we can learn from our experiences. Reflective practice can mean taking our experiences as an initial point for our learning and developing practice (Jasper, 2003). Many literatures have been written in the past that suggest the use of reflective assignments and journaling as tools to improve reflection and thinking skills in healthcare (Chapman et al, 2008). Reflective journals are an ideal way to be actively involved in learning (Millinkovic Field, 2005) and can be implemented to allow practitioners to record events and document their thoughts and actions on daily situations, and how this may affect their future practice (Williams Wessel, 2004). MODELS In order to provide a framework for methods, practices and processes for building knowledge from practice there are several models of reflection available. All can help to direct individual reflection. Some may be particularly useful for superficial problem solving, and other better when a deeper reflective process is required. Reflective models however are not meant to be used as a rigid set of questions to be answered but to give some structure and encourage making a record of the activity. Johns (2004) reflects on uncovering the knowledge behind the incident and the actions of others present. It is a good tool for thinking, exploring ideas, clarifying opinions and supports learning. Kolbs Learning Cycle (1984) is a cycle that reflects a process individuals, teams and organisations attend to; and understands their experiences and subsequently, modifies their behaviour. Schà ¶n (1987), however, identifies two types of reflection that can be applied in healthcare, Reflection-in-action and Reflection-on-action. Reflection-in-action can also be described as thinking whilst doing. Reflection-on-action involves revisiting experiences and further analysing them to improve skills and enhance to future practice. Atkins and Murphys model of reflection (1994) take this idea one step further and suggest that for reflection to make a real difference to practice we follow this with a commitment to action as a result. Terry Bortons (1970) 3 stem questions:  What?,  So What?  and  Now What?  were developed by John Driscoll in 1994, 2000 and 2007. Driscoll matched the 3 questions to the stages of an  experiential learning cycle, and added trigger questions that can be used to complete the cycle. Gibbs (1988) reflective cycle is fairly straightforward and encourages a clear description of the situation, analysis of feelings, evaluation of the experience, analysis to make sense of the experience, conclusion where other options are considered and reflection upon experience to examine what you would do if the situation arose again. CHOSEN MODEL The reflective model that I have chosen to use is Gibbs Reflective Cycle (1988) as a framework, because it focuses on different aspects of an experience and allows the learner to revisit the event fully. Gibbs (1988) will help me to explore the experience further, using a staged framework as guidance ad I feel that this is a simple model, which is well structured and easy to use at this early stage in my course. By contemplating it thus, I am able to appreciate it and guided to where future development work is required. Before the critical incident is examined it is important to look at what a critical incident is and why it is important to nursing practice. Girot (1997), cited in Maslin-Prothero, (1997) states that critical incidents are a means of exploring a certain situation in practice and recognising what has been learned from the situation. Benner (1984, cited by Kacperek, 1997) argues that nurses cannot increase or develop their knowledge to its full potential unless they examine their own practice. Context of incident In the scenario the patients name will be given as Xst.   Ã‚  The consequences of my actions for the client will be explained and how they might have been improved, including what I learned from the experience. My feelings about the clinical skills used to manage the clients care will be established and my new understanding of the situation especially in relation to evidence based practice will be considered.   I will finally reflect on what actions I will take in order to ensure my continued professional development and learning.    Description Miss Xst is 55 year old woman who has a 10 year old daughter.   She suffers from psychiatric problems, lack of motivation and has difficulties in maintaining her personal hygiene and the cleanliness of her flat. She was one of my mentors clients to whom I had been assigned to coordinate and oversee her care. Mental health Nurses owe their patients a duty of care and are expected to offer a high standard of care based on current best practise, (NMC 2008).   Ã‚   Miss Xst had been prescribed Risperidone Consta 37.5mg fortnightly, which is a moderate medication. Risperidone belongs to a group of medicines called antipsychotic, which are usually used to help treat people with schizophrenia and similar condition such as psychosis. Although her condition is acute, it is not extreme and the reason for this medication is to help Miss Xst to stabilise her thought so she is able to support herself in the community (Healey, 2006). Miss Xst did not like attending depot clinic and she missed three consecutive appointments. My mentor decided after the third non-attendance to raise the issue in the handover meeting where it was decided to see Miss Xst in the morning but when we arrived she was not there. We left a note for her to call the office. We did not hear from her and a further home visit was carried out to arrange for her next depot clinic appointment. I called a meeting of the multi-disciplinary team (MDT) who agreed that there would be a problem if the next injections were missed. The social worker who was part of the team said that she will arrange for a community support worker to help clean Miss Xsts flat on a weekly basis (Adams 2008). We waited for about an hour for Miss Xst to attend the clinic for her depot injection but she failed to attend. I then informed the Community Psychiatry Nurse (CPN) that Miss Xst had expressed negative feelings about her medication and thought she did not need them; she had claimed she was already feeling well and therefore wanted the medications to be discontinued.   At a subsequent meeting with the patient, she agreed a joint visit with the CPN and myself to re-assess her condition and consider if it was necessary to   Ã‚  refer her case to the consultant (Barker, 2003).   I was given the opportunity to carry out the initial assessment, which showed that her behaviour was very unpredictable and very forgetful. Her inability to take her medication and to manage her personal hygiene clearly demonstrated that she was not well. The assessment tool I used was the Mental State Examination which helps determine the level of her insight into her illness and indeed I found out that she was in denial (Barker, 2004). I talked to Miss Xst about her non-concordance with her medication, but she persisted in saying she was well.   I reminded her that continuous use of the medication would benefit her mental health and protect her against relapse.   We agreed that she could discuss this with the doctor on her next outpatient appointment, with the option of reviewing or reducing her medication. I stressed the importance of her communicating any side effects or reservations she may have about the medication to doctor. She appeared to understand this and following the discussion, she finally complied with her depot injection. Even though the NMC (2008) maintains that nurses have a responsibility to empower patient in their care and to identify and minimise risk to patient. The principle of beneficence (to do well) must be balanced against no maleficence (doing no harm) (Beauchamp and Childress, 2001).   All these transactions were recorded in Miss Xsts care plan file and in computer. Good record keeping is an integral part of nursing and midwifery practice, and is essential to the provision of safe and effective care. It is not an optional extra to be fitted in if circumstances allow NMC (2009).   The consequences of my actions for the patient and her daughter were that she attended to her daughters needs and to her personal hygiene, and made regular fortnightly visits to the clinic. Her mental condition was improved, she was allowed to continue on her moderate medication and she did not have to be readmitted in the hospital. Feeling During the handover, I was nervous as I felt uncomfortable about giving feedback to the whole team. I was worried about making mistakes during my handover that could lead to inappropriate care being given to Miss Xst or could cause her   readmission to hospital. As a student nurse I felt I lacked the necessary experience to be passing information to a group of qualified staff members.   However, I dealt with the situation with outward calm and in a professional manner. I was very pleased that my mentor was available during the handover to offer me support and this increased my confidence. Evaluation What was good about the experience was that I was able to carry out the initial assessment and identify what caused Miss Xst failure to comply with the treatment regime.   From my assessment I documented the outcome and related what had happened to the MDT with minimal assistance. Accurate documentation of patients care and treatment should communicate to other members of the team in order to provide continuity of care (NMC, 2008).   The experience has improved my communication skills immensely, I felt supported throughout the handover by my mentor who was constantly involved when I missed out any information. Thomas et al, (1997) explains that supervision is an important development tool for all learners. The team were very supportive throughout the process as they took my information without doubt.   What was not good about the experience was the fact that my mentor had not informed me that I was going to handover the information; as a result I had not mentally prepared myself for it.   I also felt that I needed more time to observe other professionals in the team carrying out their handovers before I attempted to carry out mine.   During the original MDT meeting, I felt that we did not provide enough time to freely interact with Miss Xst to identify other psychosocial needs that could impact on her health. However, in any event, she was unable to fully engage because of her mental state. Turley (2000) suggests that nursing staff should include their interaction with the patient when recording assessment details, which can be used to provide evidence for future planning and delivery of care. Dougherty and Lister (2004) have suggested that healthcare professionals should use listening as part of assessing patient problems, needs and resources.      Analysis The literature regarding communication and interpersonal skills is vast and extensive. Upon reading a small amount of the vast literature available, the student was able to analyse the incident, and look at how badly this situation was handled. I realised communication is the main key in the nursing profession as suggested by Long (1999) who states that interpersonal skills are a form of tool that is necessary for effective communication. I found it difficult to communicate with a patient because I did not understand her condition. It was also difficult for me not to take her behaviour to heart and show emotion at the time, it is clear that this is an area I need to build on for the future. However, Bulman Schutz (2008) argue that this is failure to educate and for us to learn from practice and develop thinking skills. I would agree with them, as I learn best from practical experience, and build on it to improve my skills. With this is mind, I am now going to focus on my weaknesses, in both theory and practice, and state how, when and why I plan to improve on these. Through effective communication I was able to convince Miss Xst of the need to take her medication. I was able to pass on the information to the MDT for continuity of care.     Roger et al (2003) concluded that communication is an on-going process but can be a difficult process when dealing with mental health problems.   During the handover I was pleased that the MDT members were supportive and interested in what I was saying and they asked questions.   The patient had no recollection of what she had said to me and since the incident she has made these comments to other staff, which has put me at ease and made me realise that I had done nothing wrong. My mentor explained that a patient with Parkinsons can often behave like this as they develop dementia, which Noble (2007) also confirms. Since the incident I have read about Parkinsons and am now aware that the patients expressionless face Netdoctor (2008), also made her comments appear more confusing and aggressive. Conclusion   In conclusion, I have learnt that through effective communication, any problem can be solved regardless of the environment, circumstances or its complexity.   Therefore, nurses must ensure they are effective communicators.   I have identified the weaknesses that should be turned to strengths. I am now working on strengthening my assertiveness, confidence and communication skills. Participating in the care of Miss Xst, I have realised that a good background information and feedback about mental health problems before providing care to a clients can assist in accurate diagnosis and progress monitoring.  Ã‚   A good relationship between client and staff nurse is therapeutic and help in building trust.   This can be achieved by a free communication that allows the client to express their feelings and concern without the fear of intimidation.   From the experience, I feel the knowledge I have acquired will aid me in future while in practice should such situation arise again. ACTION PLAN FOR MY LEARNING NEEDS So that I could identify my strengths and weaknesses in both theory and practice easily, I found that the use of a SWOT analysis provided a good framework to follow. I have then built on this by producing a development plan that focuses on my weaknesses and how, when and why I plan to improve on them. I will now begin to work on these, the main reason being of course, that I am determined to be a competent, professional nurse in the future. I am now more prepared for any future patients with this disease as I have researched it. I will take the time to talk to them, to make sure they are at ease with me, before providing any care. If they appear distressed I would get another member of staff to help me to reassure them. Learning Need Planned action to meet this learning need Target time to meet the learning need. To improve my knowledge about patients illnesses and the risks of relapse associated with not taking Medication. Read books about different illnesses and causes of relapse End of third year To identify and have good background information and feedback about patients mental health problems before providing care to them To read my patients notes. On- going To ensure a good rapport exist between my patient and I, in order to build up a therapeutic relationship with them and to gain their trust. I will have regular meeting with my client On-going Effective communication with the patients and other members of the multidisciplinary team A locating time to talk to patients and their relatives participating in the ward round. On-going skills to develop throughout the training. Being prepared Talking with senior members of staff On-going CONCLUSION I have clearly demonstrated that by using a reflective model as a guide I have been able to break down, make sense of, and learn from my experience during my placement. At the time of the incident I felt very inadequate It was also difficult for me not to take her behaviour to heart and show emotion at the time, it is clear that this is an area I need to build on for the future. According to Bulman Schutz (2008), nursing requires effective preparation so that we can care competently, with knowledge and professional skills being developed over a professional lifetime. One way this can be achieved is through what Schon (1987) refers to as technical rationality, where professionals are problem solvers that select technical means best suited to particular purposes. Problems are solved by applying theory and technique. REFERENCES Adams, L. (2008). Mental Health Nurses can Play a Role in Physical Health. Mental Health Today. October 2008 pp27 Barker, P. (2004). Assessment in Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Cheltenham, Nelson Thornes Barker, P.   Ed (2003). Psychiatric and mental health nursing: The craft of caring Arnold, London Beauchamp, T. and Childress, J. (2001) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, (5th   Edition): Oxford University   Press. Bolton, G. (2001) Reflective Practice. Writing and Professional Development. Paul Chapman Publishing Limited, London. Bulman, C. Schutz, S. (2008) An Introduction to Reflection. In: Bulman, C. Schutz, S. (ed.) Reflective Practice in Nursing, 4th edition. Oxford, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp 6 8 Burns, T. Sinfield, S. (2008a) How to organise yourself for independent study. In: Essential Study Skills The Complete Guide to Success at University. 2nd edition. London, Sage Publications Ltd, p 64. Burns, T. Sinfield, S. (2008b) Going to University. In: Essential Study Skills The Complete Guide to Success at University. 2nd edition. London, Sage Publications Ltd, p 16. Dougherty, L. and Lister, S. (2004) Royal Marsden of clinical nursing procedures. 6th edition. London: Blackwell publishers.   Gamble, C and Brennan, G (2005) Working with serious mental illness: a manual for clinical practice. Oxford: Bailliere Tindall. Kenworthy et al (2003) Marrelli, T. M (2004) The Nurse Managers Survival Guide: Practical Answer to Everyday Problems, United States of America : Elsevier Nursing and Midwifery Council (2004) Code of Professional Conduct NMC: London. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code Standards of conduct, Performance and Ethics for Nurses and Midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2009) Record keeping: Guidance for nurses and midwives. London: Nursing and Midwifery Council.  Ã‚   Rolfe,   G., Freshwater, D. Jasper, M (2001) Critical Reflection for Nursing and the Helping professor; a Users Guide. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Roger, B. Ellis, Bob Gates, Neil Kenworthy. (2003) Interpersonal Communication in Nursing: Theory and Practice, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, London, UK. Schon, D.A. (1983) The Reflective Practitioner. Basic books. Harper Collins, San Francisco Schon, D. (1987) Preparing Professionals for the Demands of Practice. Educating the Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, Jossey Bass, pp3 21. Thomas, B. Hardy, S. and Cutting, P. (1997) Mental health Nursing: Principles and Practice London: Mosby Turley, J.P.( 2000) toward and integrated view of health informatics. Information Technology in Nursing 12 (13).

Privacy :: Business Information Essays

Privacy Globalization is the tendency of businesses to spread throughout the world to offer their products and services. To reflect their global market presence, multi-national companies have adopted management models such as region-specific management, and product-specific management to maximize the potential to offer efficient products and services to their customers. One such management model that has been successful in the past few years is the business process outsourcing model. Businesses outsource processes such as back office operations and customer support services offshore. In some cases, these include access to personal information to a third-party agency leading to violation of personal information privacy. One may argue as to what constitutes personal information, as many theories of privacy exist. This paper addresses some noteworthy such theories. The paper also addresses ethical issues surrounding privacy of personal information in the context of business process outsourcing. Webster’s dictionary defines privacy as freedom from unauthorized intrusion. Alan Westin defines Privacy is the claim of individuals, groups, or institutions to determine for themselves when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others.1. Parent defines privacy as the condition in which others do not possess undocumented personal information.2 Lin and Loiu address the issue of privacy as undocumented personal knowledge.3 Privacy as Control of Information can be described as the information that can be made accessible to the public. The information that is available to the public is controlled by an individual. Any other information found about the individual other than that released by him can be considered as an invasion of the individual’s privacy.4 The meaning of what privacy is to an extent is driven by the society and its moral norms. Lin and Loui observe that reasonable expectations of privacy in public places must change as our social environment changes.5 As moral and social norms change in a society, the expectation from an individual towards society changes and thereby the individual’s privacy values. For example, slavery was an accepted practice in the late 19th century, today it’s not in practice. In the current information technology age, when an individual submits his personal information for purchasing merchandise online, it is within his expectation that his personal information be protected by the website. In future with the increasing use of technology in the day to day activities, new issues of privacy will arise making today’s notions of privacy out of date. One such issue is the privacy of personal information in business process outsourcing.

Retrenchment Strategy Essay

Since the beginning of the US financial crisis in 2007, regulators in the United States and Europe have been frustrated by the difficulty in identifying the risk exposures at the largest and most levered financial institutions. Yet, at the time, it was unclear how such data might have been used to make the financial system safer. This paper is an attempt to show simple ways in which this information can be used to understand how deleveraging scenarios could play out. To do so the authors develop and test a model to analyze financial sector stability under different configurations of leverage and risk exposure across banks. They then apply the model to the largest financial institutions in Europe, focusing on banks’ exposure to sovereign bonds and using the model to evaluate a number of policy proposals to reduce systemic risk. When analyzing the European banks in 2011, they show how a policy of targeted equity injections, if distributed appropriately across the most systemic banks, can significantly reduce systemic risk. The approach in this paper fits into, and contributes to, a growing literature on systemic risk. Key concepts include: * This model can simulate the outcome of various policies to reduce fire sale spillovers in the midst of a crisis. * Size caps, or forced mergers among the most exposed banks, do not reduce systemic risk very much. * However, modest equity injections, if distributed appropriately between the most systemic banks, can cut the vulnerability of the banking sector to deleveraging by more than half. * The model can be adapted to monitor vulnerability on a dynamic basis using factor exposures. About Faculty in this Article: Robin Greenwood is a Professor in the Finance unit at Harvard Business School. * Author Abstract When a bank experiences a negative shock to its equity, one way to return to target leverage is to sell assets. If asset sales occur at depressed prices, then one bank’s sales may impact other banks with common exposures, resulting in contagion. We propose a simple framework that accounts for how this effect adds up across the banking sector. Our framework explains how the distribution of bank leverage and risk exposures contributes to a form of systemic risk. We compute bank exposures to system-wide deleveraging, as well as the spillover of a single bank’s deleveraging onto other banks. We show how our model can be used to evaluate a variety of crisis interventions, such as mergers of good and bad banks and equity injections. We apply the framework to European banks vulnerable to sovereign risk in 2010 and 2011.

Using Ruby Environmental Variables

Using Ruby Environmental Variables Environment variables are variables passed to programs by the command line or the graphical shell. When an environment variable is referred to, its value (whatever the variable is defined as) is then referenced. Though there are a number of environment variables that only affect the command line or graphical shell itself (such as PATH or HOME), there are also several that directly affect how Ruby scripts execute. Tip:  Ruby environment variables are similar to ones found in the Windows OS. For example, Windows users may be familiar with a TMP  user variable to define the location of the temporary folder the for the currently logged in user. Accessing Environment Variables from Ruby Ruby has direct access to environment variables via the ENV hash. Environment variables can be directly read or written to by using the index operator with a string argument. Note that writing to environment variables will only have an effect on child processes of the Ruby script. Other invocations of the script will not see the changes in environment variables. #!/usr/bin/env ruby# Print some variablesputs ENV[PATH]puts ENV[EDITOR]# Change a variable then launch a new programENV[EDITOR] geditcheat environment_variables add Passing Environment Variables to Ruby To pass environment variables to Ruby, simply set that environment variable in the shell. This varies slightly between operating systems, but the concepts remain the same. To set an environment variable on the Windows command prompt, use the set command. set TESTvalue To set an environment variable on Linux  or OS X, use the export command. Though  environment variables are a normal part of the Bash shell, only variables that have been exported will be available in programs launched by the Bash shell. $ export TESTvalue Alternatively, if the environment variable will only be used by the program about to be run, you can define any environment variables before the name of the command. The environment variable will be passed onto the program as its run, but not saved. Any further invocations of the program will not have this environment variable set. $ EDITORgedit cheat environment_variables add Environment Variables Used by Ruby There are a number of environment variables that affect how the Ruby interpreter acts. RUBYOPT - Any command-line switches here will be added to any switches specified on the command line.RUBYPATH - When used with the -S switch on the command line, the paths listed in RUBYPATH will be added to the paths searched when looking for Ruby scripts. The paths in RUBYPATH precede the paths listed in PATH.RUBYLIB - The list of paths here will be added to the list of paths Ruby uses to search for libraries included in the program with the require method. The paths in RUBYLIB will be searched before other directories.

Civil Rights Definition

Civil Rights Definition Civil rights are the rights of individuals to be protected against unfair treatment based on certain personal characteristics like race, gender, age, or disability. Governments enact civil rights laws to protect people from discrimination in social functions such as education, employment, housing, and access to public accommodations. Civil Rights Key Takeaways Civil rights protect people from unequal treatment based on their individual characteristics like race and gender.Governments create civil rights laws to ensure fair treatment of groups that have traditionally been the target of discrimination.Civil rights differ from civil liberties, which are specific freedoms of all citizens as listed and ensured in a binding document, such as the U.S. Bill of Rights, and interpreted by the courts. Civil Rights Definition Civil rights are a set of rightss of civil rights include the rights of people to work, study, eat, and live where they choose. To turn a customer away from a restaurant solely because of his or her race, for example, is a civil rights violation under United States laws.  Ã‚   Civil rights laws are often enacted in order to guarantee fair and equal treatment for groups of people who have historically faced discrimination. In the United States, for example, several civil rights laws focus on â€Å"protected classes† of people who share characteristics such as race, gender, age, disability, or sexual orientation. While now taken for granted in most other western democracies, consideration for civil rights has been deteriorating, according to international monitoring agencies. Since the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the global war on terror has driven many governments to sacrifice civil rights in the name of security. Civil Rights vs. Civil Liberties Civil rights are often confused with civil liberties, which are the freedoms guaranteed to the citizens or residents of a country by an overriding legal covenant, like the U.S. Bill of Rights, and interpreted by the courts and lawmakers. The First Amendment’s right to free speech is an example of a civil liberty. Both civil rights and civil liberties differ subtly from human rights, those freedoms belonging to all people regardless of where they live, such as freedom from slavery, torture, and religious persecution. International Perspective and Civil Rights Movements Virtually all nations deny some civil rights to some minority groups either by law or by custom. In the United States, for example, women continue to face discrimination in jobs traditionally held exclusively by men. While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations in 1948, embodies civil rights, the provisions are not legally binding. Thus, there is no worldwide standard. Instead, individual nations tend to respond differently to pressure for enacting civil rights laws. Historically, when a significant portion of a nation’s people feel they are treated unfairly, civil rights movements emerge. While most often associated with the American Civil Rights Movement, similar notable efforts have occurred elsewhere. South Africa The South African system of government-sanctioned racial segregation known as apartheid came to an end after a high-profile civil rights movement that began in the 1940s. When the white South African government responded by jailing Nelson Mandela and most of its other leaders, the anti-apartheid movement lost strength until the 1980s. Under pressure from the United States and other Western nations, the South African government released Nelson Mandela from prison and lifted its ban on the African National Congress, the major black political party, in 1990. In 1994, Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa. India The struggle of the Dalits in India has similarities to both the American Civil Rights Movement and the South African anti-apartheid movement. Formerly known as the â€Å"Untouchables,† the Dalits belong to the lowest social group in India’s Hindu caste system. Though they make up one-sixth of India’s population, the Dalits were forced to live as second-class citizens for centuries, facing discrimination in access to jobs, education, and allowed marriage partners. After years of civil disobedience and political activism, the Dalits won victories, highlighted by the election of K. R. Narayanan to the presidency in 1997. Serving as president until 2002, Narayanan stressed the nation’s obligations towards the Dalits and other minorities and called attention to the other many social ills of caste discrimination. Northern Ireland After the division of Ireland in 1920, Northern Ireland witnessed violence between the ruling British Protestant majority and members of the native Irish Catholic minority. Demanding an end to discrimination in housing and employment opportunities, Catholic activists launched marches and protests modeled after the American Civil Rights Movement. In 1971, the internment without trial of over 300 Catholic activists by the British government sparked an escalated, often-violent civil disobedience campaign headed by the Irish Republican Army (IRA). The turning point in the struggle came on Bloody Sunday, January 30, 1972, when 14 unarmed Catholic civil rights marchers were shot dead by the British army. The massacre galvanized the British people. Since Bloody Sunday, the British Parliament has instituted reforms protecting the civil rights of Northern Irish Catholics. Sources and Further Reference Hamlin, Rebecca. Civil Rights. Encyclopedia Britannica.. U.Civil Rights Act of 1964S. EEOC.Shah, Anup. Human Rights in Various Regions. Global Issues (October 1, 2010).Dooley, Brian. Black and Green: The Fight for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland and Black America. (Excerpts) Yale University.Bloody Sunday: What happened on Sunday 30 January 1972? BBC News (March 14, 2019).

The Best Years of Our Lives Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Best Years of Our Lives Film - Essay Example This movie reflects the worrisome time phase when the entire world was undergoing a harsh transition. This movie revolves around the lives of three war veterans who were returning home with the harsh and brutal memories of the war. This was the time when entire Europe and Japan was devastated culturally, socially and economically and America was enjoying the supreme power and hold in greater parts of the world. This movie shows that how those veterans were to be lived in this change with unstable economy and unpredictable life. This movie answers some of the reality based questions in a liberal manner regarding social reformism of Franklin D.Roosevelt. It was expected that this social reformism was about to come to an end. The film contains the hardest realities of unrest social conditions and uneasiness. One cannot ignore the fact that it was the crucial time in the world’s history filled with depressing times and social unrest. The Purpose of the Film: The purpose of this fi lm was to express the social turmoil the world was going through and the return of soldiers who were filled with the hard memories of the war. ... Message Conveyed Through the Film: The movie, Best Years of Our Lives expresses a very strong message that how veteran who have returned home were trying to cope with their normal day life. The movie shows that how difficult it became for the officers of the wars to sustain and maintain their social prestige in the society while working at the low level jobs and how they were viewed by the people in general. Without realizing their situation and hardships, people accused them for participating in a â€Å"wrong war† as in the case of Fred Berry who after returning from war is now working as a soda jerk. He was accused of having fought with the wrong enemy by the people around him and eventually, his social life ends in distress. The same happened with Parrish who was being offered the job of a salesman by his girlfriend’s father due to the harsh reality for being a disable person which would set his image as an object of pity for the people (Charles Boogle). William Wyle r has tried to convey the message that how people react and behave towards soldiers who are already bound by the harsh experiences of war-time. Conclusion: The movie is intended to entertain those audiences which are keen to know the lives of the soldiers, their experiences during the war and the hardships they go through. The movie is an artistic masterpiece which depicts the real lives of soldiers and their hardships. Work Cited: Boogle, C. The Best Years of Our Lives (1946): realism and reformism. (2007). Web http://www.wsws.org/articles/2007/aug2007/best-a11.shtml accessed online on 12th April,