Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Explained

Maslows hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Key Takeaways: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs According to Maslow, we have five categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.In this theory, higher needs in the hierarchy begin to emerge when people feel they have sufficiently satisfied the previous need.Although later research does not fully support all of Maslow’s theory, his research has impacted other psychologists and contributed to the field of positive psychology. What Is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? In order to better understand what motivates human beings, Maslow proposed that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy. This hierarchy ranges from more concrete needs—such as food and water—to more abstract concepts such as self-fulfillment. According to Maslow, when a lower need is met, the next need on the hierarchy becomes our focus of attention. These are the five categories of needs according to Maslow: Physiological These refer to basic physical needs, such as drinking when thirsty or eating when hungry. According to Maslow, some of these needs involve our efforts to meet the body’s need for homeostasis; that is, maintaining consistent levels in different bodily systems (for example, maintaining a body temperature of 98.6 degrees). Maslow considered physiological needs to be the most essential of our needs. If someone is lacking in more than one need, they’re likely to try to meet these physiological needs first. For example, if someone is extremely hungry, it’s hard to focus on anything else besides food. Another example of a physiological need would be the need for adequate sleep. Safety Once people’s physiological requirements are met, the next need that arises is a safe environment. Our safety needs are apparent even early in childhood, as children have a need for safe and predictable environments and typically react with fear or anxiety when these needs are not met. Maslow pointed out that, in adults living in developed nations, safety needs can be more apparent in emergency situations (e.g. war and disasters), but this need can also explain why we tend to  prefer the familiar  or why we do things like purchasing insurance and contributing to a savings account. Love and Belonging According to Maslow, the next need in the hierarchy involves feeling loved and accepted. This need includes both romantic relationships as well as ties to friends and family members. It also includes our need to feel that we belong to a social group. Importantly, this need encompasses both feeling loved  and  feeling love towards others. Since Maslow’s time, researchers have continued to explore how love and belonging needs impact well-being. For example, having social connections is related to better physical health and, conversely, feeling isolated (i.e. having unmet belonging needs) has negative consequences for health and well-being. Esteem Our esteem needs involve the desire to feel good about ourselves. According to Maslow, esteem needs include two components. The first involves feeling self-confidence and feeling good about oneself. The second component involves feeling valued by others; that is, feeling that our achievements and contributions have been recognized by other people. When people’s esteem needs are met, they feel confident and see their contributions and achievements as valuable and important. However, when their esteem needs are not met, they may experience what psychologist Alfred Adler called â€Å"feelings of inferiority.† Self-Actualization Self-actualization refers to feeling fulfilled, or feeling that we are living up to our potential. One unique feature of self-actualization is that it looks different for everyone. For one person, self-actualization might involve helping others; for another person, it might involve achievements in an artistic or creative field. Essentially, self-actualization means feeling that we are doing what we feel we are meant to do. According to Maslow, achieving self-actualization is relatively rare, and his examples of famous self-actualized individuals include Abraham Lincoln, Albert Einstein, and Mother Teresa. How People Progress Through the Hierarchy of Needs Maslow postulated that there were several prerequisites to meeting these needs. For example, having freedom of speech and freedom of expression, or living in a just and fair society, aren’t specifically mentioned within the hierarchy of needs. However, Maslow believed that having these things makes it easier for people to achieve their needs. In addition to these needs, Maslow also believed that we have a need to learn new information and to better understand the world around us. This is partially because learning more about our environment helps us meet our other needs; for example, learning more about the world can help us feel safer, and developing a better understanding of a topic one is passionate about can contribute to self-actualization. However, Maslow also believed that this call to understand the world around us is an innate need as well. Although Maslow presented his needs in a hierarchy, he also acknowledged that meeting each need is not an all-or-nothing phenomenon. Consequently, people don’t need to completely satisfy one need in order for the next need in the hierarchy to emerge. Maslow suggests that, at any given time, most people tend to have each of their needs partly met—and that needs lower on the hierarchy are typically the ones that people have made the most progress towards. Additionally, Maslow pointed out that one behavior might meet two or more needs. For example, sharing a meal with someone meets the physiological need for food, but it might also meet the need of belonging. Similarly, working as a paid caregiver would provide someone with income (which allows them to pay for food and shelter), but can also provide them a sense of social connection and fulfillment. Testing Maslow’s Theory In the time since Maslow published his original paper, his idea that we go through five specific stages hasn’t always been supported by research. In a 2011 study of human needs across cultures, researchers Louis Tay and Ed Diener looked at data from over 60,000 participants in over 120 different countries. They assessed six needs similar to Maslow’s: basic needs (similar to Maslow’s physiological needs), safety, love, pride and respect (similar to Maslow’s esteem needs), mastery, and autonomy. They found that meeting these needs was indeed linked to well-being. In particular, having basic needs met was linked to people’s overall assessment of their lives, and feeling positive emotions was linked to meeting the needs of feeling loved and respected. However, although Tay and Diener found support for some of Maslow’s basic needs, the order that people go through these steps seems to be more of a rough guide than a strict rule. For example, people living in poverty might have trouble meeting their needs for food and safety. However, these individuals still sometimes reported feeling loved and supported by the people around them—meeting the previous needs in the hierarchy wasn’t a prerequisite for people to meet their love and belonging needs. Maslow’s Impact on Other Researchers Maslow’s theory has had a strong influence on other researchers, who have sought to build on his theory. For example, psychologists Carol Ryff and Burton Singer drew on Maslow’s theories when developing their theory of eudaimonic well-being. According to Ryff and Singer, eudaimonic well-being refers to feeling purpose and meaning—which is similar to Maslow’s idea of self-actualization. Psychologists Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary built on Maslow’s idea of love and belonging needs. According to Baumeister and Leary, feeling that one belongs is a fundamental need, and they suggest that feeling isolated or left out can have negative consequences for mental and physical health. Sources: Baumeister, Roy F., and Mark R. Leary. â€Å"The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation.† Psychological Bulletin 117.3 (1995): 97-529. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777651ï » ¿Kremer, William, and Claudia Hammond. â€Å"Abraham Maslow and the Pyramid That Beguiled Business.† BBC (2013, Sep. 1). https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-23902918Maslow, Abraham Harold. â€Å"A Theory of Human Motivation.†Ã‚  Psychological Review  50.4 (1943): 370-396. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1943-03751-001Ryff, Carol D., and Burton H. Singer. â€Å"Know Thyself and Become What You Are: A Eudaimonic Approach to Psychological Well-Being.†Ã‚  Journal of Happiness Studies  9.1 (2008): 13-39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0Tay, Louis, and Ed Diener. â€Å"Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World.†Ã‚  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology  101.2 (2011): 354-365. http://psy cnet.apa.org/record/2011-12249-001Villarica, Hans. â€Å"Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness.† The Atlantic (2011, Aug. 17). https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/

Alternatives To Animal Testing - 1696 Words

INTRODUCTION When picking out your mascara or eyeliner, do you even stop to think what is in that product or what the process is to make it? You could be supporting animal testing and not even know it. According to PETA, it is estimated that each year 26 million animals in the United States are used for animal testing(2017). As many may believe that animal testing is the only way to find out new things or test products, it is not, there are new alternatives that scientists have found like in vitro methods, and studies with human volunteers that have been proven to work without harming these animals. ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL TESTING Every year, millions of experimental animals are used all around the world. The number of animals used†¦show more content†¦This group is interested in the safety evaluation of chemicals or biological products based on alternative methods of testing strategies, performed by the industry in lieu of good old but crude conventional toxicity testing in live animals(Liebsch, Grune, Seiler, Butzke, Oelgeschlà ¤ger, Pirow, Alder, Riebeling, Luch, 2011, pg.849). A lot of medical breakthroughs involving animal research may still have been made without the use of animals and resources dedicated in finding new solutions. The ZEBET wants to find an effective way to reduce and replace the use of animals in testing. Many different species of animals are used for testing, but the most common include mice, rabbits, birds, dogs, monkeys, and much more. Common procedures used is forcing chemical exposure to these animals by force-feeding or having chemicals i njected into their body. I disagree with this misuse of animals, if animals are providing us with finding out new things that can help, then why would people want to hurt them. This group also found that scientists prolong periods of physical restraint and inflict wounds on these animals. The result of this is most of all animal testings fail in human clinical trials making them useless. ANIMAL TESTING IS STILL THE BEST WAY TO FIND NEW TREATMENTS Some people do believe that animal testing is the best and only way to find new treatments. Animals species used for preclinicalShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing: Alternatives1085 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough animal testing was a main component for the facilitation of medical research in the past, it is no longer necessary due to the option of alternate testing methods. Animals that fall victim to the mercy of animal research are subject to experimentation for the purpose of manufacturing harmless products (McKnight 2). Cell cultures, the MIMIC system, TraumaMan, in vitro, and human volunteers are substitutes for this inhumane procedure (Sullivan 4; â€Å"PCRM Scientists Educate† 10). Animal testing isRead MoreAlternative to Animal Testing Essay911 Words   |  4 PagesAlternatives to Animal Testing Animal testing has become a controversial issue among many people in the world today. Some of these people involved in this controversial debate believe that animal testing is unethical and should be replaced by other methods. The other group of people in this debate believe that animal testing is necessary in order to research new products that cannot be tested on humans. Traditional animal testing forces animals to undergo numerous experiments for different formsRead MoreAlternative Methods Of Animal Testing1442 Words   |  6 Pages Alternative Methods to Animal Testing Animal testing is the use of animals in research to determine the safety of a product, usually cosmetics or pharmaceutical drugs. This method of testing is an outdated science while alternative, non-animal methods are rapidly becoming more effective. Laws in the United States do not require cosmetics or medicinal drugs to be tested on animals, only that the products must be proven safe (FDA). Some argue that animal testing is necessary to improve human lifeRead MoreThe Ethics of Animal Testing for Vaccine Development and Potential Alternatives 1983 Words   |  8 PagesAnimal testing is important to ensure the safety of a variety of products, specifically pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and medical devices used for surgery and other treatments. It has also been used throughout history for various purposes. Once an unregulated practice, today there are laws, regulations, and requirements associated with the ethical use of animal models. In the United States, animal studies are now r equired before moving on to clinical trials. Legalities aside, controversy still arisesRead MoreEssay about We Must Search for Alternatives to Animal Testing1223 Words   |  5 Pagesdisease thanks to animal research but is animal research always beneficial? â€Å"Treat others as you would want to be treated,† is what the Golden Rule has taught us for many years. Should we not treat animals the same way we want to be treated in return? The topic of animals being used in medical research has been controversial for many years. One side of the argument says that using animals is the only way to safely test a product before it reaches the public, but others say alternatives should be pursuedRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Banned1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe most significant finding was the amount of animals that are being tested on every year. There are thousands of animals ranging from farm animals to the most commonly used, guinea pigs that have to suffer through animal t esting. Even though animal testing has decreased in some parts of the world there is still a lot to improve on to be cruelty free. The issue of animal testing has been going on for years now and through those years a lot of data has been obtained. A simple way to quantify theRead MoreShould Animal Testing Be Banned?1665 Words   |  7 PagesTesting Cosmetics on Animals Companies around the world use animals to test cosmetics. Animals, such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, rats, and mice, are used to test the effects of chemicals on the eyes and skin. While animal testing is not mandatory, many companies use it. About Cosmetics Animal Testing by the Humane Society International talks about the different options companies have that do not require the cruel use and eventual death of animals. The article also talks about the overallRead MoreLimitation on Animal Testing762 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The reason we use animal tests is because we have a comfort level with the process . . . not because it is the correct process, not because it gives us any real new information.† (Anderson). There have been numerous new developments and technology in our society today, old fashion animal testing should not be the number one experiment to test new products and drugs. Science should be moving forward in technology, where there is cruelty free research and testing. The modern technology, we haveRead More History and Pros of Animal Testing Essay1233 Words   |  5 PagesHistory and Pros of Animal Testing Abstract: Animal research refers to the use of non-human animals for testing or experimenting on. The first recorded use of animals for testing started with the Greeks in the third and fourth century BC. The use of animals for testing is usually in the basic fields of; biomedical research, security, evaluation and education of a product. It is estimated that almost 50 million—100 million animals are tested on and killed annually, but this is usually done toRead MoreSave Animals. Say No to Animal Testing!1390 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative essay: Save animals. Say no to animal testing! Nowadays, it is a well-known fact that many companies test their products like cosmetics and medicines with animals before production to check their products ’safety and quality. A huge amount of animals are used in research purpose every year. Is it right for human beings to sacrifice millions of animals for testing purpose? Should animal testing be banned? Animal testing is a controversial issue and there is a heated debated about pros

Sales and Supply Tapzeem Company

Question: Discuss about the Sales and Supply for Tapzeem Company. Answer: Introduction Sales and supply in a company are the most vital processes. To ensure that the products reach to the consumer appropriately, there are gradual processes that should be followed. It is not necessary for the consumer to directly purchase the products from a retailer, but instead they can order from the company. Sales persons are responsible for taking the orders from the clients to the company (Kelleher, 1993). The whole process is termed successful when the required qualifications are met. Clerks always go through the orders to evaluate legibility. There are ways to Tapzeem company can improve the fulfillment of the orders issued by the clients. Following are the ways to recuperate the contentment of the orders. Classify Inventory. What is in the store (finished goods) should be arranged in a way that whoever will be packing the goods after verification of the order will do it with ease. Those commodities that are easy to pick should be arranged separately. In this case, we refer to the fast movers. The medium movers ought to follow the suit and lastly the slow movers (Garlitz, 1993). They should be arranged in a way that the labor to pick either of the corresponds to the way to move i.e. fast movers. Match inventory to storage technology. The storage system of the finished goods should be in touch with the flexibility of the goods. There are racks that store goods that are bit delicate. They help to reduce the risks of the breakages. Shelving is the other way of ensuring that the orders are attended to with ease (Moad, 1994). The drawers are also effective in ensuring that the products are stored at a safer place. Automated Storage. With the advancement in the knowledge and Information Technology, the brands are stored in a place where they can be easily traced with Computed software. This is well-organized and it ensures that the goods are reachable and it is quicker. It is cost effective since it reduces the manual labor. Manual labor is expensive compared to the automated mode of storing the goods. Minimum supervision is required rather skills in operation are the basic things. Updating Inventory. It is very essential to have up to date inventory to ensure that there are no inconveniency caused. If any commodity is exhausted, then the personnel in the warehouse should communicate to relevant inventory keepers to avoid situations where there is a delay of dispatching the goods to the clients (Datamation,1994). Changing the structure and the normal processes of the business is quite essential. It has a larger contribution in the entire reengineering process. The services the business entity offer need to be improved. The working environment also need to be amended to safeguard the working conditions of the employees. Any organization may decide to implement reengineering process due to the following reasons. Need to maximize the profit. If the organization has been experiencing some deficits in the business year, it might be a good reason to settle down to the above stated process. Reengineering has a positive impact. There is technological knowledge that is utilized by the entrepreneurs which aims at reducing the cost of production and increasing the efficiency of the organization. Advance the client attendance. An organization might have the aim of establishing a good rapport with the clients and therefore, it can decide to put up measures of ensuring that these clients get the best services (Zack, 1996). Reducing the risks and uncertainties. There are abrupt jeopardies that might come up in the course of business. Using the modernized tools and the equipment of business production is crucial. Using machines and robots in place of manual labor will effectively reduce risks that man is prone to. Reengineering method can be implemented through diverse methods. These methods are, This is the most important method since it entails equipping the employees or the members of the business entity with the new knowledge that has been put in place (Michael, 1996). This process might be face by some challenge like Semi-illiteracy of the employees. Uncoperativeness of the employees All the same, this process is advantageous in the following ways. Employees are armed with new expertise on operational skills. Assurance that only skilled persons are obliged to duties. Organize the workflow and team work. Dividing the work among the members and making sure that there is a leader in every team will be operative (Beckett, 1996). This method has the following strengths. Team leaders act as supervisors therefore team spirit is enhanced. Team leaders can orient other members. Reference Garlitz and Michael L. Kelleher, (Nov-Dec 1993)Planning Review, Reengineering Jeff Moad, Datamation, (Oct15,1994) "After Reengineering: Taking Care of Business" "Jeffrey Zack, AmericanBanker, (April 1, 1996) "After the Reengineering Hype, An Ambiguous Legacy Michael S. Yoemans and Janice L. Beckett, Armed Forces Comptroller, Winter,(1996) "Achieving Breakthrough Improvement Through Business Process Reengineering"

Struggle for Survival in the Grapes of Wrath free essay sample

The 1930s were a time of hardship for many across the United States. Not only was the Great Depression making it difficult for families to eat every day, but the Dust Bowl swept through the plains states making it nearly impossible to farm the land in which they relied. John Steinbeck saw how the Dust Bowl affected farmers, primarily the tenant farmers, and journeyed to California after droves of families. These families were dispossessed from the farms they had worked for years, if not generations (Mills 388). Steinbeck was guided by Tom Collins, the real-life model for the Weedpatch camp’s manager Jim Rawley, through one of the federal migrant worker camps. He was able to see for himself, from the migrants’ perspective, the living conditions to which they were subjected and later used the information to detail the lives of the Joad family in The Grapes of Wrath (Mills 389). Rebecca Hinton points out in her essay on the novel that â€Å"formerly tenant farmers with relative security and independence, they soon become migrant laborers at the mercy of the rich, struggling to maintain their pride† (101). In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses realism, allegory, and a change in values to show the intense struggle the common person went through to survive during the Dust Bowl and the Great Depression after the rise of corporate and industrial capitalism. Although The Grapes of Wrath is a work of fiction, Steinbeck writes to inform the public about information gathered from fact. His use of realism and authentic voice give shape to the characters and their common struggle. Steinbeck points out that one of the primary causes of the dispossession of tenant farmers is the fault of â€Å"the bank—the monster† and tractors taking â€Å"the place of twelve or fourteen families† (32-33). Likewise, Trent Keough writes in â€Å"The Dystopia Factor† that â€Å"The Grapes [of Wrath] investigate[s] the social phenomena of a transitional period in which an agrarian†¦ industry economy is decimated by automation† and the novel also â€Å"records the role of mechanization (e. g. he tractor and car) in the Westward migration which occurred in America during the depression years† (38). This decimation by automation is one of the primary factors that force the Joads from their farm. In Chapter 19, Steinbeck writes: â€Å"The tractors which throw men out of work, the belt lines which carry loads, the machines which produce, all were increased; and more and more families scampered the highways, looking for crumbs from the great holdings, lusting after the land beside the roads† (238). The bank’s need for profits forces the owners of the farm to take action and hire one man on a tractor to do the work of dozens. Steinbeck also uses his experience in California camps to give a realistic depiction of the squatter camps that were scattered during the migration (Keough 44). The squatter camps, all referred to as Hooverville, are described as having no order with cars, shacks, and tents randomly scattered, usually near a source of water, such as a river or stream (Steinbeck 241, 243). Migrant workers also have to deal with constant discrimination and abuse from the local population and law enforcement. Beginning in Chapter 18, the Joads are introduced to the term â€Å"Okie,† which is used to as a derogatory term to describe all migrants coming into California (Steinbeck 214). This is just the beginning of the discrimination the Joads face. Steinbeck describes how he perceives the discrimination in the following excerpt from The Grapes of Wrath: They were hungry, and they were fierce. And they had hoped to find a home, and they found only hatred. Okies—the owners hated them because the owners knew they were soft and the Okies strong, that they were fed and the Okies hungry; and perhaps the owners had heard from their grandfathers how easy it is to steal land from a soft man if you are fierce and hungry and armed. The owners hated them. And in the towns, the storekeepers hated them because they had no money to spend†¦ The town men, little bankers, hated Okies because there was nothing to gain from them. They had nothing. And the laboring people hated Okies because a hungry man must work, and if he must work, if he has to work, the wage payer automatically gives him less for his work; and then no one can get more. (233) The hatred felt by the Californians toward the Okies is exemplified by the law enforcement’s eagerness to â€Å"take in† anyone they feel shows the tiniest signs of trouble. For instance, a deputy makes up a reason to take in Floyd Knowles, from the Joad’s first Hooverville, because he questions a man offering work on how many men he needs and how much the pay is (Steinbeck 263). Shortly after the Joads leave the first Hooverville, they encounter a group of armed men along the road who insist that they â€Å"ain’t gonna have no goddamn Okies in this town [sic]† and make them turn their truck around (Steinbeck 279). Before the Joads are introduced, the plight of another being is highlighted. In Chapter 3, Steinbeck introduces the turtle on the side of the road struggling through obstacles. The turtle itself is a symbol of the Joad family and other migrant workers, while its journey is an allegory of the struggles and obstacles they will face along the way. The turtle comes upon an embankment along the highway and stops to size up the wall in front of it (Steinbeck 14). At several points in the novel, the men face decisions and hunker down together on their hams to discuss their situation and decide to press on. When the turtle finally starts again, it keeps pushing itself along and â€Å"as the embankment grew steeper and steeper, the more frantic were the efforts of the land turtle† (Steinbeck 15). The Joads face the same situation when they are on their way to California. They survive the dust of the plains and then climb the steep embankment of the mountains in an overloaded car that was not made for the type of journey they encounter. When the Joad family finally arrives in California, they find that their big dream of farming and living in peace may not happen and they struggle to merely survive. Similarly, the turtle struggles when the red ant runs inside of its shell. The turtle crushes the ant by quickly pulling in its head and legs, and in the process, it picks up a head of wild oats (Steinbeck 15). The red ant is like a negative thought to be crushed before it can do harm, while the wild oat seeds are like ideas to be planted and nurtured. Once the turtle begins crossing the road and all seems easy, a woman in a car approaches, sees the turtle and swerves to avoid hitting it; minutes later, a man in a truck sees the turtle, attempts to run it over, and the turtle spins onto its back (Steinbeck 15). The woman is fully aware that the turtle is in the road and nearly wrecks her car to stay away from it, much like people in areas unaffected by the Dust Bowl making a conscious effort not to think about what the Okies are going through. The man, on the other hand, attempts to purposely crush the turtle, which is much like the groups of men that try everything in their power to close the government camps and crash the Hoovervilles. Even though the turtle is turned on its back after being nearly crushed, it manages to get itself turned right side up and the wild oat seeds it has been toting are dropped and unknowingly planted when â€Å"its shell dragged dirt over the seeds† (Steinbeck 16). The turtle is unaware when he picks up the seeds and is similarly unaware when he plants them. This is not unlike later in the novel when Tom Joad picks up a new political ideology from Jim Casy. Tom, however, makes a conscious effort to plant his own seeds and spread the word to make things right for the migrant workers. The troubles the Joads face also affect the overall structure of the family as a whole. As the Joad family struggle progresses, there is a change in the values of the family. At the beginning, the Joad family, like most at the time, is highly patriarchal. Grampa Joad is the â€Å"titular head† of the family, but it is Pa Joad who is the acting head of family (Steinbeck 101). During a conversation around the truck about their upcoming voyage to California, the men do all the talking unless a question is asked of Ma Joad. According to Warren Motley of Rutgers University, â€Å"the patriarchal structure of the Joad family, although shaken, remains intact through the early chapters of The Grapes of Wrath† (402). Women may voice their opinion when deciding what the family unit will do, but the ultimate decision is with the older men who are considered the â€Å"nucleus† of the family (Motley 402). Ma Joad takes over as the family authority when the threat of the family breaking up is presented to her. She is adamant that the family stay together, no matter what, and â€Å"aggressively challenges† Pa’s decision to split the family up after the Wilson’s car breaks down (Motley 404). Motley states in his analysis, â€Å"From Patriarchy to Matriarchy: Ma Joad’s Role,† that â€Å"Ma Joad’s emergence signals an essential adaptation: under economic conditions of the migration, survival depends on the collective security of matriarchal society rather than on patriarchal self-reliance† (405). When the family must leave their farm, Pa and the older men are left without their established agrarian roles, so they harbor a feeling of failure. Ma’s role, however, remains intact throughout the novel and she remains strong because of it (Motley 407). Rebecca Hinton, of the University of Cincinnati—Clermont College, states, â€Å"Steinbeck implies that in times of social upheaval, the family cannot remain a self-contained conjugal unit; it must expand to include members related by plight as well as by blood and focus on the needs of the many rather than those of the few† (101). Not only does the leadership role change, but the definition of family changes for the Joads and other travelers as well. The struggle of the Joad family rouses Ma to offer assistance and compassion beyond her own family, as with Jim Casy (Keough 46). The Joads meet the Wilsons at the beginning of their journey and both families are inclined to help one another in a mutually beneficial relationship. There are several examples of an extended family amongst the migrants in The Grapes of Wrath, including the sharing of food, the discussing of a larger council of men on their situations, and the giving of money to families with an ill or deceased loved one. The Joads go as far as to help pay for the Wilsons continued journey because they have no money left (Steinbeck 148). Steinbeck devotes an entire chapter to the formation of these extended families in the roadside camps. In Chapter 17 he says, â€Å"In the evening a strange thing happened: the twenty families became one family, the children were the children of all. The loss of home became one loss, and the golden time in the West was one dream† (Steinbeck 193). It is easy for the many families to stick together, if only at night, because they are all living the same life. Each day the families go through the same kind of hell hoping that they have enough food and money to make it to California. Keough points out that â€Å"through these women†¦ Steinbeck suggest[s] that the individualism commonly associated with capitalism is nothing but a Protestant ethic gone awry† (46). The story of the Joad family reveals a hard truth about people in society. Steinbeck wants to demonstrate the predatory nature of capitalism and the destruction of family values it brings (Keough 49). John Steinbeck used a realistic point of view, allegory, and a dramatic change in family values to present the plight of the common migrant worker after tractors took the work of thousands of families. Nicolaus Mills states in his â€Å"Book Notes† that â€Å"Steinbeck understood that for the men and women he was describing, the struggle for dignity was never-ending, and he caught that struggle in the most intimate terms†.  Steinbeck is also presented as a â€Å"prophet† who tells â€Å"timeless truths about greed and callousness, and†¦ articulate[s] the conscience of the people† in â€Å"Editorial.